关键词: 技术自立 , 技术学习 , 复杂（系统）产品 , 嵌入性需求 , 引进失灵

Abstract: Huge divergence of competitiveness among different sectors is an important feature of industrial development in the past three decades in China. A reasonable explanation of this divergence is crucial to effective industrial and technology policies. This study firstly defines technological selfreliance as a special technological learning which is opposite to technological dependence, then analyzes those key features which change technological dependence to selfreliance based on a comparative case study from three complex product industries in China. Those features are linked with the evolution of embedded demand and accumulation of national technological capability. Interactions of these two sides determine the fate of both imported technology and indigenous innovation. The economical bankruptcy or technical failure of imported ones would diffuse indigenous innovations, where local breakthroughs amplify to a broader competitiveness. This paper also gives policy suggestions on government positioning, technology strategy, demand policy and international cooperation.

Key words: technological self-reliance , technological learning , complex product , embedded demand , import failure