Williamson hypothesis suggests that efficiency can be significantly enhanced by spatial agglomeration at the early stage of development.But after reaching a threshold value,the effect of spatial agglomeration on growth is weaker,even adverse.Congestion externalities may favor a more scattered geo-spatial structure.Based on Barro's growth model,this paper used a threshold regression model and 30 provincial data in China from 1978 to 2008 to make an empirical test of Williamson hypothesis and explored the relationship between spatial concentration and economic growth.The results showed that spatial agglomeration had significant non-linear effect on China's economic growth.That is,while not reaching the threshold value,agglomeration had a positive effect on economic growth;once exceeding the threshold value,agglomeration would reduce the rate of economic growth.That is to say,there existed a significant Williamson hypothesis.Meanwhile,the trend of economic growth in China had shown the coexistence of convergence and divergence.Accordingly,this paper presented some corresponding policy recommendations in the final part.

Based on the characters of the comparative study,this paper reviewed and analyzed the domestic and foreign comparative study on the evolution of China and India,which evolved from the essential factor's growth to the institutional transformation,from the short-term macroeconomic comparison to the long-term sustainable growth.This paper emphasized the rationality of institutional path on the comparative study of China and India,and discussed the importance role of institutions in the growth of China and India.

The appreciation of Chinese Yuan is a problem which China cannot avoid.From an overall perspective,we thought that the appreciation of Yuan would be better for China's economy.But the speed of the appreciation of Yuan should be determined by the ability of Chinese exporting firms to bear the increasing costs,the ability of China to expand domestic demand,the ability of China in adjusting the exchange rate of Yuan,the inflow speed of hot money,and the magnitude of bubbles in China's asset prices.Among all of the determinants,the expansion of domestic demand is the most fundamental one.We proposed two policies to expand domestic demand,e.g.loosening the birth-control policy and proceeding with the large-scale ecological development.

Entrepreneurial climate is the collective and external display of mental ability,values and social conventions of all the members within a region.Entrepreneurial climate is an endogenous consequence of entrepreneurship study,psychological experience and social interaction evolving from the entrepreneurial activities.Entrepreneurial climate improves the copy frequency of entrepreneurial practices and the level of regional entrepreneurial activities by enhancing the average entrepreneur income and changing the entrepreneur venture preference.There is a positive relationship between entrepreneurial climate and entrepreneurial activities with the knowledge accumulation and reward incentive.The key to raise the entrepreneurship level of the central and western regions is to foster entrepreneurial climate and achieve the threshold of a breakthrough.

Regarding the introduced technological progress style and unbalanced growth of China,we built up a two-sector input-output model.On this basis,we analyzed China's economic structural problems and their formation mechanism,and logically explained the relationship of the income distribution structure and the consumption structure.In the background of current economic crisis and the period of developing mode transformation,the short-run policy of improving the structural situation,is to adjust income distribution(which means reducing the capital return of the upper sector to increase the compensation of labors both in the upper and bottom sectors) to expand consumption,which is supported by empirical results.Research mode of this paper provided a new analytical framework for the input-output analysis.

By using stochastic frontier analysis and taking Inner Mongolia as an example,this paper estimated the technical efficiency function and decomposed the total factor productivity growth.The main findings are as follows:(1) the technical efficiency and TFP growth rate are positively related with the economic growth;(2) the factors such as urbanization,industrialization,and human resource increase the technical efficiency,and other factors such as the share of state-owned enterprises and the ratio of fiscal expenditure in GDP decrease the technical efficiency;(3) the technological progress is the main driving force for TFP growth,and the contributions of the technical efficiency and scale economy effect to the growth are much less.

On the basis of empirical results of recent China's investment demand,we established neoclassical investment models for different market actors.The difference of objective functions and constraints resulted in the following conclusions:(1) monetary policies(with interest and reserve) have significant negative effects on the investment of private-owned companies and households,little effect on state-owned companies,and zero or positive effect on the government;(2) credit constraints have significant effects on the investment of private-owned companies and households,little effect on state-owned companies,and none effect on the government;(3) policies such as the proportion of state-owned companies' profit tuning-in could influence the investment decision of state-owned companies,and the real estate policies could influence the investment decision of local governments and households.

Paul Krugman,the founder of the new economic geography theory,discussed a general equilibrium model on the assumption of imperfect competition market structure,which is the main difference between the new and traditional economic geography theory.Many abroad scholars have conducted in depth studies on theory expanding and empirical research. In order to summary the responsive policy of regional development,this paper reviewed on newly research on new economic geography theory since 1990s,especially in the 21^st century,from the following three aspects: expanding theory menu,the empirical research,the welfare analysis and policy research.

Based on a survey of 379 samples of the rural population from 13 cities in Jiangsu Province,this paper built a model to analyze the main factors impacting the demand of rural micro-insurance purchase.The research showed that the demand of micro-insurance purchase for the rural population is significantly affected by their age,the level of education,the cognitive level of the insurance,the risk situation in the last three years and the risk source.While factors such as the employment status,the household yearly average income,the household savings,the average per capita land capacity and the insurance situation only had very minor impacts on the demand of micro-insurance purchase.

In recent decades,in virtue of abroad influence from new institutional economics and game theory,comparative institutional analysis and historical institutional analysis have become the most influential analytical paradigms in the field of comparative economics.However,these two paradigms are both deficient in dealing with many issues such as technological innovation,institutional evolution and structure transition.To overcome these shortcomings,based on the methodology of evolutionary economics,this paper put forward a new idea to constitute comparative innovation systems and comparative historical innovation systems as a new framework of comparative economics,and briefly accounted for the great theoretical differences between the new framework and the old one.Furthermore,this paper discussed the concept,system and significance of this new framework,reviewed the latest progress of relative research,and discussed the major hot issues about comparative innovation systems and comparative historical innovation systems.This paper concluded that comparative innovation systems and comparative historical innovation systems were indispensable research tools for the construction of innovation-oriented nation,and provided the most valuable paradigm and framework for the development of comparative economics,which should not be excluded by comparative economics.

This paper investigated the relation among urbanization,economic growth and structure by using cross-national data.It emphasized China's features and forecasted China's future of urbanization.The world experience showed that the urbanization follows S-shaped curve with economy and China's economy is currently in the fastest urbanization period.Urbanization plays an important role in the transition of economic structure.It boosts domestic consumption and tertiary industry.Compared with the world experience,China has obviously high investment rate,high ratio of secondary industry over GDP and low consumption rate.We found that there is a co-integration among urbanization,per capita GDP and capital stock.Per capita GDP increases 2.25% as urban rate grows up 1%.According to the dynamic relation,we forecasted that the population in urban area would exceed that in rural area in 2012.

This paper analyzed the demand elasticity of substitution of wind power electricity to traditional power electricity,by constructing the social electricity demand function.To internalize the negative externalities that the traditional power electricity brings to the society,the government could raise the price of traditional electricity through certain policy instruments.The social demand for wind power would therefore significantly increase through the substitution effect.Driven by increasing demand,the wind power industry would achieve rapid growth.Our computation results showed that,taken the year of 2009 as an example,by increased 0.01 yuan in the price of traditional power electricity,the demand of wind power electricity in the whole could be raised by 103 million kilowatts at most.Therefore,the government could try to use policy instruments such as carbon tax or pollution quotas to increase the price of traditional power electricity,increase the society's total demand for wind power,promote wind power industrial progress,and optimize the social welfare.

Many foreign scholars adopted different empirical methods,such as moral experiments or survey data to inquiry whether economists are more selfish than other groups in recent years.Most of results have proved that economists behave more selfish than non-economists,and also lack pro-social behaviors generally.The reasons can be divided into the gender difference hypothesis,self choice hypothesis and indoctrination hypothesis,etc.This paper summarized these classical studies to emphatically analyze the economists' behavior in the financial crisis.The results showed that the education of economics courses has long-term effects on students who would become micro impellers of the global financial crisis.The neoclassical economists are also responsible for the crisis by calling it an unpredictable.

Economic thought on big countries of western scholars is an important source of big countries economic theory.Following the consistency between the logic and the history,this paper described the western scholars' thought trajectory,which could be summarized as following: from market size and production scale to the strength of scale economies,from the concepts and patterns of big countries to their economic characteristics,from the rise and fall of big countries and their revival to the rising-up of emerging big countries.Along this line of thought,western scholars had put forth some important ideas.

This paper is a literature review on the study of tax expenditures,focused on the theoretical framework and the real effects.Debates on encouraging or restraining tax expenditures would never cease due to their positive functions and negative influence.Theoretical studies indicated that the optimal level of tax expenditures achieved by considering economic efficiency could stimulate employment and improve the income distribution,closely link up with the political systems and social choices.Relevant empirical research found that there are multiple effects of tax expenditures on individual and government behaviors as well as industry development.

Using a panel data of 29 provinces during 1995—2007 in mainland China,this paper examined the relationship between per GDP carbon dioxide(CO₂) emission and economic development.Through a series of model specification tests this paper compared several econometric models and eventually chose the FGLS model which allows controlling for panel heterogeneity and autocorrelation.The main findings were as follows: 1) a cubic relationship exists between CO₂ intensity and GDP.That is,emission intensity falls at a decreasing rate to a point and at an increasing rate thereafter;2) the higher the ratio of secondary sector to an overall industry,the higher the emission intensity;3) there is no apparent "automatism" in the process of Chinese economic development to assure the CO₂ emission intensity will fall substantially with rising GDP.The fulfillment of the agreement to reduce CO₂ emissions per unit GDP by 40% to 45% of 2005 levels by 2020 is less plausible unless there is a structural break induced by the CO₂ related policy change.

This article established a neo-classical economic growth model including human capital as a sub-group of population,theoretically analyzed the relationship among the share of labor income,income gap and consumption,and then used the dynamic GMM estimation method which was based on inter-provincial dynamic panel data from 1990 to 2008 in order to focus on testing the influence of distribution structure of national income,urban-rural income gap and their interaction on the rate of consumption in China.Furthermore,the article revealed the dynamic formation mechanism of low consumption rate in China.The study found that the share of labor income and urban-rural income gap were the fundamental reasons of slow growth in residents' consumption;the level of urbanization,the formation of consumption habits and the structure of population age had great influence on consumption rate;increasing the share of labor factors can reduce urban-rural income gap.Although we used different identification methods and measurement technology as well as controlled the potential impact of other factors on the rate of consumption,our results were still basically stable.