Abstract: People found the trade cost under the assumption of bounded nationality and asymmetric information of economy,and institutions came into being.We think that the institutions are a series of rules which are brought out by contract and used to define the property among people.These rules can be used to realize the resource optimal allocation.We find the path of property contract and country by analyzing the features of these three institution reasonable cores,and then we have the institution operating path.The theory of institution operation can be used to establish new institutions and improve the old ones.

Key words: institution, property, country, contract

摘要： 人的有限理性、信息不对称等经典假设使人们认识到交易存在费用,制度也因此而产生。本文认为,制度是以产权、契约和国家为内核的降低交易费用的规则,这一系列规则可以最终实现资源的最优配置。以此为起点,本文从产权的可分和可让渡性、契约的完备性、国家的第三方强制力量等制度内核的基本特点入手,明晰了制度三内核各自的运行路径,并进一步地给出制度运行的一般路径。

关键词: 制度, 产权, 国家, 契约